
- a.i. solutions
- AAC Microtec
- Active Space Technologies
- Advantech Wireless
- Aerojet Rocketdyne
- AGI
- Agile Communication Systems
- Aii
- Airbus Defence and Space Netherlands
- Airbus Defense & Space
- Airbus North America
- Airbus Safran Launchers
- Alion
- Alta Devices
- Altair Engineering
- Altsen
- AMERGINT Technologies, Inc.
- And One Technologies
- Aperture Optical Sciences
- Apollo Microwaves
- Applied Aerospace Structures Corporation
- Applied Defense Solutions
- Arete Associates
- Arianespace
- Astranis
- Astro Digital US, Inc.
- Astro- und Feinwerktechnik Adlershof GmbH
- Attwik Invest
- Avascent
- AvL Technologies
- Bain & Company
- Baker & Hostetler LLP
- Ball Aerospace
- Berlin Space Technologies GmbH
- Bessemer Venture Partners
- Bhattacharya Space Enterprises
- Blue Canyon Technologies
- Blue Residuum
- Blue Sky Network
- Boeing Network and Space Systems
- Boeing PhantomWorks
- Boeing Satellite Systems International
- Booz Allen Hamilton
- Braxton Technologies
- BridgeSat
- Caelus Partners
- Canaan Partners
- Canadensys Aerospace
- Capella Space
- Cardio Logic, Imc.
- CASIS
- CFH Engineering
- Clarke Belt 2.0
- Cloud Constellation Corporation
- Clyde Space
- CNES Innovation, Application and Science Department
- Cobham Advanced Electronic Solutions - Microelectronics
- Cobham Mission Systems
- Cobham Semiconductor Solutions
- Communications and Power Industries
- Compare Infobase Limited
- Comspace Development LLC
- Comtech Command & Control Technologies
- Comtech EF Data
- Comtech Xicom
- Cooley
- CPI Satcom Products
- Critical Alert Systems, LLC
- CrossTrac Engineering, Inc.
- Crystal Instruments Corp
- CST
- CubeCab
- Cubic Aerospace
- D-Orbit, Inc
- Data Collective VC
- Deep Space Industries
- Defense Innovation Unit Experimental
- DemarayLLC
- Dentons
- Department of Defence
- Department of Science and Technology
- Descartes Labs
- Detente Group
- DHV Technology
- DigitalGlobe
- DIUx
- DRAPER
- Draper Fisher Jurvetson - DFJ
- Dunmore Aerospace
- DUNMORE Corporaiton
- Earth-i
- ECAPS
- Ecliptic Enterprises Corporation
- EightyLEO Holding GmbH
- Ekkam Group LLC
- Engineering Space
- Enterprise Estonia Silicon Valley
- EOS Data Analytics
- Euroconsult
- Eutelsat
- ExactEarth
- Experior Laboratories
- FCC
- FCL Tech
- FOTEC Forschungs- und Technologietransfer GmbH
- Fugro
- Gedex Systems Inc.
- General Atomics
- General Dynamics Mission Systems, Inc.
- GeoNorth
- Georgia Tech Research Institute
- German Orbital Systems
- Glavkosmos
- Globalstar
- GomSpace
- GVF
- Harris Corporation
- HawkEye 360
- HEAD Aerospace Netherlands
- Helios Wire
- Hera Systems
- Hogan Lovells
- Honeywell Aerospace
- Howard & Co
- Hughes Network Systems
- Hyperbolic Systems LLC
- Hyperion Technologies B.V.
- IHI Aerospace
- IHI Corporation
- ILS - International Launch Services
- ImageSat
- Imec
- Indus Corporation
- Infinite Composites Technologies
- Innovative Analytics and Training, LLC
- INTEGRASYS
- Integrity Applications Incorporated
- Intellectual Ventures
- Intelsat Corp
- Intersil
- Iridium Communications
- ISIS - Innovative Solutions In Space
- ITOCHU International
- ITU
- Japan Manned Space Systems Corporation
- Jefferson Institute
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory
- JHU/Applied Physics Laboratory
- JPL/Caltech
- JSAT Corporation
- Kaskilo Communications GmbH
- KenCast
- Kepler Communications
- Keysight Technologies
- KinetX
- KISPE LTD
- Kongsberg Satellite Services (KSAT)
- Kongsberg Seatex AS
- Kratos
- Kubos
- Kymeta Government Solutions
- L-3 Cincinnati Electronics
- L-3 Technologies
- L3 Datron Advanced Technologies
- L3 Technologies
- L3 Technololgies Coleman Aerospace
- L3 Telemetry & RF Products
- Latham & Watkins
- LeoLabs, Inc.
- LoadPath
- Lockheed Martin Space Systems
- Lux Capital
- LuxSpace Sarl
- Macdonald Dettweiler and Associates
- Made In Space
- Magellan Aerospace, Winnipeg
- ManSat LLC
- Marsh
- Marubeni Corporation
- Maryland Aerospace, Inc.
- Matrix Capital Management
- MDA Geospatial Services Inc.
- MDA Information Systems LLC
- MDA Systems Ltd
- MHI - MITSUBISHI HEAVY INDUSTRIES
- Michigan Tech University
- Micropac
- Microtel LLC
- Midland Development Corporation
- Milbank, Tweed, Hadley & McCloy
- Millennium Engineering and integration
- Ministry of Economic Affairs and Communications
- Mitsubishi Corporation
- Mitsubishi Electric Corporation
- Mitsubishi Heavy Industries
- Mitsubishi Precision Company Ltd.
- Modular Devices inc
- Monetti & Associates, LLC
- Moog Broad Reach
- Moog CSA
- Moog Inc .Space and Defense Group
- Moog-ISP
- MT Aerospace AG
- MTEC SmatZone
- NanoRacks
- NASA - Paragon-TEC
- NASA Ames Research Center
- NASA Ames Research Center / Technology Horse LLC
- NASA ARC
- NASA ARS
- NASA Marshall Space Flight Center
- NASA Space Portal
- NASA/HQ/STMD
- National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA)
- NEA Electronics
- NEC Corporation of America
- Netherlands Foreign Investment Agency / Delft University of Technology
- New York University Abu Dhabi
- NewSpace Systems
- NexGen Space, LLC
- NGA
- NOAA - National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration
- NOAA (JHU APL)
- NOAA & ACES Corporation
- Northern Sky Research - NSR
- Northrop Grumman
- Northrop Grumman Aerospace Systems
- Northrop Grumman MS
- NorthStar
- NorthStar Satellite Services, Inc.
- NovaWurks
- Novelsat
- NSI-MI Technologies
- NSLComm
- Office of the Secretary of Defense for Space Policy
- OffWorld Consortium
- OGSystems
- OHB Italia
- OHB SE
- OmniEarth
- OneWeb
- Operationally Responsive Space Office / Booz Allen Hamilton
- Optimum Technologies
- Orange Silicon Valley
- ORBCOMM
- Orbit Logic
- Orbital ATK
- Orbital Insight
- Orbital Sidekick
- Orbital Systems, Ltd.
- PACE Global Solutions
- Pacific Scientific EMC
- Parabilis Space Technologies, Inc.
- ParabolicArc.com
- Parsons Corporation
- PBHspace
- PCL
- Phase Four
- Phase Four, Inc.
- Philip Haimm & Associates
- PhotoSat
- Planet
- Planet Labs
- Planetary Resources
- Planetary Systems Corp
- PlanetiQ
- Printech Circuit Laboratories Ltd
- Private Partner Holdings
- Promus Ventures
- Pumpkin Inc.
- PUMPKIN SPACE SYSTEMS
- Purdy Engineering
- QinetiQ Space
- Qualcomm Ventures
- Quilty Analytics
- Qwaltec
- Raymond James
- Raytheon Co.
- Raytheon Secure Information Systems
- Razor's Edge Ventures
- RBC Signals
- RideShare2Orbit LLC
- rLoop
- Rocket Lab USA, Inc.
- Route One Investment Company
- RPI Group Inc.
- RT Logic, a Kratos Company
- RUAG Space AB
- Ryerson University
- Safran Aircraft Engines
- SAIC
- Sandia National Laboratories
- Satellite Business Network
- SatelliteFinance
- Satellogic
- SatNews
- Satrec Initiative Co., Ltd.
- Satshot
- Schafer Corporation
- Scientific Systems
- SCISYS UK LTD
- Scottish Development International
- SEAKR Engineering
- Secant Group
- Secure World Foundation
- SENER
- SHIB Networks, Inc.
- SIA - Satellite Industry Association
- Sierra Nevada Corporation
- Signion
- Silicon Valley Space Center
- Sinclair Interplanetary
- Singapore Economic Development Board
- Skolkovo Foundation
- SKY Perfect JSAT Corporation
- SkyWatch
- SolAero Technologies Corp.
- Solar MEMS Technologies
- Solers
- Sony Corporation
- Southwest Research Institute
- Space Access Corp.
- Space Angels Network
- Space Dynamics Laboratory
- Space Enthusiast
- Space Flight Laboratory (SFL)
- Space Foundation
- Space Micro Inc.
- Space News
- Space Shift, Inc.
- Space Systems Engineering Inc
- Space Systems Loral
- Space.com
- Spaceflight Industries
- Spaceflight, Inc.
- SPACEKNOW
- SpaceQuest
- SpaceX
- Special Aerospace Services, LLC
- Spectral Dynamics
- Spectrolab, Inc
- Spectrum Aerospace Research Corporation
- Spectrum-aerospace
- Spire Global, Inc.
- SPRSA
- SRI International
- SSC - Swedish Space Corporation
- SSL
- SSL/MDA
- SSPI & WTA
- Stanford University
- Starburst Aerospace Accelerator
- Starlight
- Stellar Solutions
- Steptoe & Johnson LLP
- Strategic Notions
- Stratolaunch
- Surrey Satellite Technology Ltd
- Surrey Satellite Technology US LLC
- Swarm Technologies
- Swedish Space Corporation – SSC
- Tango Wave
- Tauri Group
- TEK Ventures
- Teledyne Microwave Solutions
- TenCate Advanced Composites, USA
- Terra Bella Tecnologies / Google
- Thales Alenia Space
- The Aerospace Corporation
- The McLean Group
- The MITRE Corporation
- The Traville Group
- Trident Space, Inc
- TriSept Corporation
- TU Delft
- Twiggs Space Lab, LLC
- Tyvak Nano-Satellite Systems
- TZero
- U.S. Electrodynamics, Inc.
- UK Space Agency
- United Launch Alliance - ULA
- Universities Space Research Association
- University of Texas Rio Grande Valley
- University of the Philippines / DOST-ASTI
- Ursa Space Systems
- US Electrodynamics, Inc.
- VACCO Industries
- Valcor Engineering Corporation
- Vector Space Systems
- VEOWARE SPACE
- VIALIGHT COMMUNICATIONS
- ViaSat
- Virgin Galactic
- Virginia Commercial Space Flight Authority
- Virginia Tech
- Visiona Space Technology
- VITO
- VORAGO Technologies
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland
- Vulcan Aerospace
- Vulcan Wireless, Inc.
- WALTON DE-ICE
- Winston Cooper Consulting
- Xiphos Sytems
- XISP-Inc
- Xtenti, LLC
- York Space Systems
- Zodiac Data Systems


















The 2017 SmallSat Symposium is pleased to welcome Agile Communication Systems as a sponsor to this years event.
SSC is a leading global provider of advanced space services with more than fifty years of experience. Since our start pioneering scientific rocket launches in northern Sweden, we have grown into a renowned, full-service supplier of state-of-the-art space engineering, satellite and launch services to commercial and institutional customers worldwide.
Hera Systems is a satellite information and analytics company that plans to collect daily and hourly images of the Earth, enabling commercial and government organizations to monitor change and make smart decisions in near-real time. The company is the only single source of fresh, up-to-the minute, universally accessible, affordable, high-resolution information about any location on the globe. Hera Systems 1HOPSat unique capabilities will launch in late 2017, leveraging edge analytics and proprietary sensor designs to empower intelligent information services and solutions. For more information, visit 
L3 Telemetry & RF Products is a full-service manufacturer of state-of-the-art communication and telemetry solutions for airborne, intel, maritime, space and terrestrial applications.
Founded in 1996, Crystal Instruments (CI) is a leading manufacturer of dynamic measurement, signal analysis, and vibration testing equipment. Crystal Instruments is headquartered in Santa Clara, California, the center of Silicon Valley. Currently, CI products are distributed in over 40 countries around the world.
Airbus is a global leader in aeronautics, space and related services. In 2015, it generated revenues of €64.5 billion and employed a workforce of around 136,600. Airbus offers the most comprehensive range of passenger airliners from 100 to more than 600 seats. Airbus is also a European leader providing tanker, combat, transport and mission aircraft, as well as Europe’s number one space enterprise and the world’s second largest space business. In helicopters, Airbus provides the most efficient civil and military rotorcraft solutions worldwide.
OGSystems combined commercial remote sensing, big data, and cognitive analytics to develop BlueGlassTM — an easily accessible location-based intelligence platform that delivers real-time insights through situational awareness, anomaly alerting, and reporting of activities that could pose risk to your operations.
ViaSat is in the business to connect the world. As a global broadband services and technology company, we are connecting international communities to the internet by offering residential internet service; enabling passengers and operations crews to stream high-bandwidth media, applications, and content when traveling globally on commercial, business or government aircraft and maritime vessels; and empowering international warfighters on the front lines of battle with real-time, secure internet-based intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance for high-requirement missions. We deliver and protect information – when and where it is needed most – with our trusted communications ground systems, infrastructure, and services.
Glavkosmos history goes back to February, 1985. The main objectives of the Company consisted in the space activities with foreign partners. Together with departmental structures a number of intergovernmental and interdepartmental agreements, in which Glavkosmos was defined responsible for their implementation, was prepared.
Analytical Graphics, Inc. (AGI) provides commercial software for designing, developing and operating missions within the aerospace and national security communities. Used by more than 50,000 engineers, operators and analysts worldwide, AGI software avoids the cost of reinvention, eliminates stovepipes and reduces risks associated with unproven tools.
An advanced manufacturer of satellite sub-systems and components, NewSpace Systems is particularly strong in the area of high-reliability Attitude Control Systems. Targeted at next-generation operational SmallSat constellations, the NewSpace product range currently includes Reaction Wheels, Sun Sensors, GPS Receivers and Antennas, Magnetometers, Magnetorquer Rods, Star Mapper and CubeSat Attitude Control solutions.
With over 1000 systems sold worldwide, NSI-MI Technologies offers a comprehensive range of industry leading microwave test systems. These systems cover antennas, radomes and RCS and our unique blend of mechanical, RF and software engineering capabilities allow us to customize test systems to offer specialized solutions. NSI-MI supports the aerospace/defense, automotive, wireless and academic industries. Our wide range of products also allow us to offer solutions for material, production line or general automated component testing. Our global presence enables us to offer the highest quality service and support to ensure long term use of all test products supplied. We also offer extensive in-house test and measurement facilities covering frequencies from 250 MHz to 110 GHz.
With over 30 years of flight heritage, PCL are a manufacturer of bespoke circuit based solutions, including design and manufacture of Cubesat antenna. Composite structures, frequency selective surfaces, and all types of traditional printed circuit boards.
The Space Foundation is the foremost advocate for all sectors of space and is a global, nonprofit leader in space awareness activities, educational programs and major industry events, including the annual Space Symposium, all which support of its mission “to advance space-related endeavors to inspire, enable and propel humanity.”
Zodiac Data Systems is a leading provider in the fields of telemetry, command and control (TT&C), and high data rate transmissions applications.
Our MIL-STD-790 approved and ISO-17025 accredited laboratory houses multiple state-of-the-art test systems that can handle a wide range of shock, SRS and classical, and vibration, Sine, Random to Sine-on-Random, Launch, Gunfire and Windmilling, as well as T-Vac with +/- 150C temperature cycling capability. Experior also offers clean room availability for the most sensitive of devices.
For more than 40 years now, TAS has designed, integrated, tested, operated and delivered innovative space systems. Our cutting-edge products and services meet the needs of commercial and government customers from around the world, spanning the space, defense, science and security markets.
VORAGO Technologies is a fabless semiconductor company with patented and proven solutions for both radiation and extreme temperature environments.
SIA is a U.S.-based trade association providing representation of the leading satellite operators, service providers, manufacturers, launch services providers, and ground equipment suppliers. For more than two decades, SIA has advocated on ehalf of the U.S. satellite industry on policy, regulatory, and legislative issues affecting the satellite business. For more information, visit
GVF is the single and unified voice of the global satellite industry. Founded in 1997, it brings together organisations engaged in the delivery of advanced broadband and narrowband satellite services to consumers, and commercial and government enterprises worldwide. Headquartered in London, GVF is an independent, non-partisan and non-profit organization. The broad-based membership represents every major world region and every sector of the satellite industry, including fixed and mobile satellite operators, satellite network operators, teleports, satellite earth station manufacturers, system integrators, value added and enhanced service providers, telecom carriers, consultants, law firms, and users.
DHV Technology designs and manufactures fully custom solar panels on PCB substrate or aluminum honeycomb substrate (CFRP), body mounted or deployable. Sensors and other elements could be integrated under customer requirements. DHV Technology has long expertise on photovoltaic technology.
Since its foundation in 1884, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries (MHI) has been the pioneer in the manufacturing industry, including aerospace rockets. From 2007, we began to provide launch services for commercial and government missions. MHI will continue to make new approaches, and strive to be the best in the space industry.
Tyvak Nano-Satellite Systems is the leading provider of advanced nanosatellite solutions, offering turnkey, concept-to-operations services for government and commercial customers. End-to-End nanosatellite missions – including development, production, testing, launch integration, on-orbit operation and data distribution – make space-based research and utilization more accessible than ever by leveraging unparalleled industry knowledge with state-of-the-art technology. With Tyvak as a partner, customers are finally able to execute reliable missions faster and at a lower cost. Tyvak is a wholly-owned subsidiaries of Terran Orbital Corporation.
Vector Space Systems serves the micro and nano satellite markets with a responsive launch capability that allows you the micro-sat developer to innovate your space system and not worry about launch. Our launch vehicle, under development for several years, will offer frequent access to space in much the same way airlines offer passenger service to destinations of your choice.
Comtech Command & Control Technologies, formerly TeleCommunication Systems, Inc., specializes in affordable high-precision LEO and MEO tracking antennas for Remote Sensing, Earth Observation, and Communications satellites. C&CT is an industry-leading full service provider of integrated ground station equipment and services for satellite and launch vehicle telemetry, tracking and commanding. We offer a family of durable and low-maintenance X/Y pedestal antennas that are optimized for LEO/MEO missions and eliminate keyholes at zenith, cable wrap issues and drive backlash. C&CT also provides complete engineering services for all ground station related operations, specializing in launch support, range safety, satellite TT&C, and communication systems. We are focused on customer service, technical excellence, and speed of delivery. With more than 35 years in the industry, C&CT is devoted to providing customers with the most cost-effective approach to ensure mission success even under the most difficult technical and environmental conditions.
NASA’s Ames Research Center, located in Silicon Valley, has a long history of cost-effective development of innovative small- and nano-satellite missions. Ames maintains extensive capabilities through the full mission life cycle, spanning concept development, mission design, rapid prototyping and mission implementation. As host to the Space Technology Mission Directorate’s Small Spacecraft Technology Program and as a partner with multiple other government agencies, Ames Research Center actively promotes development of the commercial small spacecraft industry.
Walton De-Ice is the premier Earth Station Antenna De-Ice systems manufacturer worldwide. Over 36 years protecting your signal from the elements such as snow, ice and rain. Featuring our original Plenum Systems, Snow Shield, Ice Quake and Rain Quake available in passive or heated solutions (Snow Shield/Ice Quake available in sizes from .63 M up to 6.3 M antennas); (Plenum Hot Air systems from 3.8 M up to 32 M antennas). Walton De-Ice specializes in Ka Band antenna De-Ice solutions for Earth Station Antennas as well as V-Sat. Walton De-Ice utilizes the most cost effective solutions with patent protected Ice Quake saving as much as 100X over electric pad anti-ice systems. With increasing laws and regulations Walton De-Ice offers the only CE certified gas and electric heaters and controls and are completely RoHS and REACH compliant.
SFL builds big performance into smaller, lower cost satellites. Small satellites built by SFL consistently push the performance envelope and disrupt the traditional cost paradigm. Satellites are built with advanced power systems, stringent attitude control and high-volume data capacity that are striking relative to the budget. SFL arranges launches globally and maintains a mission control center accessing ground stations worldwide. The pioneering and barrier breaking work of SFL is a key enabler to tomorrow’s cost aggressive satellite constellations.
Space Micro Inc is an engineering driven small business focused on technology advancement and product implementation for high reliability satellite electronics. We have earned a strong reputation in the space industry for innovative, affordable and high performance digital, RF, and attitude determination products, as well as our established ability to leverage commercial technologies to meet military and space requirements. With our growing space heritage, TRL, and customer base, we support all aerospace primes, government agencies, and commercial space companies around the globe.
Orbital Systems is a leading manufacturer of ground station antenna systems including complete cost effective solutions for TT&C antennas used to control and monitor satellites. Orbital offers antenna positioners and integrated RF subsystems with single or multi-band feeds, upconverters, downconverters and HPAs in X, S and L bands, in sizes from 5m to 1.5m. Orbital’s field proven antenna systems are fully range tested, reliable and safe, and fully compliant with international standards.
Kongsberg Satellite Services – KSAT – is a world leading provider of ground station services for LEO satellites from our uniquely located global ground network. KSAT also has the leading Ground Network provider in the NewSpace segment with the KSAT lite network. It’s operational with multiple antenna assets and is supporting several companies today in UHF/VHF/X/S and Ka-band.
KENCAST is a worldwide leader in delivering files and streams flawlessly over wired and wireless networks. Our technology is used in applications in entertainment and media, military, homeland security, public safety, retail, cable and lodging, and banking and finance.
Braxton provides Commercial Off-the-Shelf product capabilities and satellite ground system engineering expertise supporting Satellite Command and Control, Resource Scheduling and Optimization, Flight Dynamics, Constellation and Ground Station Simulation, Environmental Intelligence™, Cross Domain Data Dissemination, Information Assurance, and Cyber Security. Our Software and Systems Engineers develop solutions with our own COTS product suite, Advanced Control Equipment (ACE) Premier, and integrate open source and third party solutions when applicable. Visit 
AMERGINT provides high performance software-based ground systems and infrastructure for satellite signal/protocol processing, telemetry, commanding, comms, test, simulation/emulation, and launch operations. From RF processing to COMSEC interfaces and data processing, data capture, dissemination, visualization, and storage, AMERGINT provides cost-effective IA-hardened solutions for commercial and national programs including GPS, ISS and numerous emerging small and mid-sat programs.
Space Systems Loral (SSL) is a leading provider of commercial satellites with broad expertise to support satellite operators and innovative space related missions. In addition to its GEO communications satellite expertise the company has launched more than 80 LEO satellites and currently has LEOs in production for communications, earth observation and science missions with customers such as TerraBella, Telesat and RCM. Best known for its satellites and spacecraft systems, SSL also offers full product life cycle support to new space ventures from concept development to space qualification of COTs hardware, affordable access to space through hosted and dispensed payloads, and launch site and on orbit operations support. As a Silicon Valley innovator for more than 50 years, SSL’s advanced product line also includes sophisticated robotics and automation solutions for remote operations. For more information, visit
Kratos is the leading global provider of turnkey enterprise-grade ground segment solutions that assure operations and communications performance across satellite, terrestrial and hybrid networks. Products include the Monics® family of industry leading carrier monitoring; interference detection, geolocation and mitigation capabilities; EPOCH® IPS, the leading Command and Control (C2) product; COMPASS® for network monitoring and control and NeuralStar®SQM for end-to-end service management.
The 2017 SmallSat Symposium is pleased to welcome Boeing as a sponsor to this years event.
Ball Aerospace pioneers discoveries that enable our customers to perform beyond expectation and protect what matters most. We create innovative space solutions, enable more accurate weather forecasts, drive insightful observations of our planet, deliver actionable data and intelligence, and ensure those who defend our freedom go forward bravely and return home safely. For more information, visit
Arianespace is the world’s leading satellite launch company, providing innovation to its customers since 1980. Backed by 21 shareholders and the European Space Agency, the company offers an international workforce renowned for a culture of commitment and excellence. Arianespace has launched more than half the commercial satellites operating in geostationary orbit today. As of October 29, 2014, 220 Ariane launches, 35 Soyuz launches (9 at the Guiana Space Center and 26 at Baikonur with Starsem) and three Vega launches have been performed. The company’s headquarters is in Evry, near Paris, and has local offices in Washington, D.C. (United States), Tokyo (Japan) and Singapore.